The Cotswolds and Wales

Cotswolds & Wales Road Trip: The Overview, for Cod’s Sake

WolfeStreetTravel is on a road trip roll. The latest – over the Memorial Day period – took us back to the UK, where previously we had only visited London a couple of times. We knew there was more to experience than just the capital, so we flew over in May, grabbed a car, and headed to points west in England, and then on to Wales.

Here’s the route for the trip, starting at the ~4:30 spot and moving counterclockwise:

After landing, we headed a couple hours’ west of London to the north end of the Cotswolds (after brief stopover in Oxford on the way out from Heathrow), then further west to Wales, into Gwynedd and Conwy County in the north and to Pembrokeshire in the south. Completing the loop, we headed east back to England and the southern and middle sections of the Cotswolds. Then, ultimately, back to London, once more.

Three themes drove planning for this circular road trip:

1. Visiting the villages of the Cotswolds in England:

In the interactive map above, the amber houses icons denote the Cotswolds villages we visited.

2. Laying siege to the largest and best-preserved medieval Norman castles in the world – all located in Wales, largely thanks to Edward I:

The black castle icons on the interactive map above denote the Welsh castles we attacked.

3. Finally, throughout the 16-day trip, we took advantage of the UK’s amazing National Trails system, which transit in and out of farms and fields and along the most amazing oceanside cliffs, and hiked everywhere we could:

The green hiker icons on the map above denote the hiking locations in England and Wales.

Similar to the morning of our arrival in the Netherlands for our bike trip there, we hit the ground running in London. Immediately after deplaning in Heathrow, we picked up our rental car (manual, with the steering wheel on the wrong side, of course, increasing the difficulty level of driving to 11), drove an hour to Oxford, and hopped on bikes for a 2-hour tour of the city and surrounding countryside. Excellent plan (other than the fact that it didn’t go as planned, which we’ll explain in a future post)!

Then, on to our first segment of the Cotswolds. We based ourselves out of Broadway, in the northern end of the region:

Although we didn’t know it when we planned the trip months ago, we would be there during Queen Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee, so every town was totally decked out for the occasion, including Broadway:

(While we experienced the provincial celebrations out in the hinterlands of small villages, our relatives, the Band o’ Brandts, were in the thick of it in London at the same time, at the peak of the jubilee.)

More jumbles of jubilee at Bourton-on-the-Water, our second Cotswolds village:

A little hiking across the countryside around Broadway and then to the iconic Victorian folly of the area, Broadway Tower:

And a post-hike lunch in town of our first (of many – many!) fish and chips on the trip during the jubilee – Cod Save the Queen!

The wool market capital of the northern Cotswolds, Chipping Campden:

The winner of the most charming village of our trip, Stanton:

And nearby Snowshill, repleat with traditional British phone box and village pub:

The paired villages with grisly names but tons of charm – Lower Slaughter:

And Upper Slaughter:

A spectacular hike from the town of Winchcombe to the Neolithic barrow at Belas Knap the day before we moved on to Wales:

And then lunch. Cod works in mysterious ways. . .

A stopover at Palé Hall for a change of venue before hitting our first Welsh castle in Gwynedd:

The first stop on WolfeStreetTravel’s 2022 Welsh Castlepalooza Tour, and the epitome of Norman military engineering: Harlech Castle, built by the English as part of Edward I’s campaign to subdue the Welsh:

Then a beeline north to Caernarfon Castle, the center of Edward I’s “ring of iron” and birthplace of Edward II, the first Prince of Wales:

And to our third abode, where you needed to traverse a guardian garrison of lambs to enter:

Our base in Conwy and another vaguely unsettling name – Bodysgallen Hall:

Our favorite castle on the trip: Conwy Castle, which abutted the adjacent village of Conwy, with its fully intact medieval town wall:

A hike up to and around the treeless limestone mass of Great Orme on the north coast of Wales with great 360-degree views, including the town at its base, Llandudno:

And a post-hike lunch in town: the best fish and chips of the trip and a celebration in Wales of “One Nation under Cod!”

Not satisfied with visiting castles, we had to stay in one too, when we headed south to Pembrokeshire: the 12th-century Roch Castle:

Spectacular hike along the entire periphery of St. Annes Head on the Pembrokeshire coast:

The weirdly sited St. David’s Cathedral, sunk in a depression so low, you can’t see the cathedral tower from anywhere in town:

And then to a lunch of. . . oh my Cod! Again?!

The penultimate castle on the WolfeStreetTravel 2022 Castlepalooza tour: Pembroke Castle, home in the 12th century to William Marshal, “the best knight that ever lived:”

And the final fortification (thanks be to Cod!): Caerphilly Castle just north of Cardiff, on our way to Bath in the southern Cotswolds:

The Roman, then Georgian, Baths of Bath:

An unplanned but really enjoyable stop at Stonehenge on the way from Bath to our last stay in the Cotswolds:

The ridiculously Thomas Kinkade-y village of Bibury:

And another sheep-intense hike between the tiny villages of Southrop and Eastleach:

Our last base in the Cotswolds: a village within a village (and a Cotswold cottage of our own, to boot):

After 2 solid weeks on the road in our trusty Peugeot, we returned the car that served us so well during the trip before we headed into London proper. Between the manual transmission, the steering wheel on the wrong side, and having to drive for 2 weeks on the wrong side of the road, this baby was a true Danger Chariot.

In London, we probably put in around the same mileage walking around each day as we did on each of our Cotswold and Wales walks, including logging a lot of miles transiting Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, below:

And as a counterpoint to the Welsh castles, we paid a quick visit to the British Museum solely for their Anglo Saxon collection from the Sutton Hoo, including the iconic helmet from the burial mound:

And then, only 36 hours before we were set to fly back and maybe 10 hours before we were going to get tested, the US announced the end of the COVID testing requirements to re-enter the US. Perfect timing!

We’ll be posting overdue stuff from last fall’s Cinque Terre and Return to Tuscany road trip next, and will follow up with Cotswolds and castles posts after.

So help us Cod.

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Cotswolds & Wales Road Trip: Chipping Campden

The Cotswolds towns owe their picturesque and well-preserved quality to sheep. Until the introduction of cotton into markets, wool and linen were the primary textiles for clothing for most people. And in the middle ages, the best wool came from England, and the best wool in England came from the Cotswolds due to the fine quality produced by the specific variety of sheep unique to the region. “Even the name Cotswolds is thought to be derived from sheep. “Cots” means sheep enclosure and “wolds” are the gentle hills.” (From here.)

The premium price for Cotswolds wool was such that merchants in the region’s towns could afford moderate to grand houses made of the local, honey-colored limestone. And fund “wool churches” that were more substantial and ornate than churches in similar-sized towns elsewhere in the country.

But then, starting in the 1600s, cotton from colonies established by the British, Dutch, and French East India Companies became more practical and more fashionable than wool, and the wealth of the Cotswolds towns declined precipitously. As a result, the towns lost their wealth and became backwaters and this backwater status preserved the honey limestone houses, manors, town halls, and churches that may otherwise have been changed or built over to fit new architectural styles or building methods over the subsequent several centuries.

As tourism became a thing in the 19th century, the bucolic Cotswolds countryside and its preserved and picturesque towns became popular destinations, and the region gradually developed an economy based on tourism and experienced a rebirth (culminating, of course, in the visit by WolfeStreetTravel). The wealth is back, but it’s just not from wool anymore.

On our first full day in the Cotswolds, we drove about 10 min from Broadway to Chipping Campden, where characteristic Cotswolds charm was exemplified in fine fashion. Considered the “jewel in the crown of the Cotswolds” (no doubt only by the Chipping Campden Chamber of Commerce), the town has served as a wool market since the 15th century, and is famous for its High Street.

Center of town on High Street:

The town’s still-operating, 1627 Market Hall commissioned by Sir Baptist Hicks, who will continue to pop up as we poked about town.

In the Market Hall, you can buy your sheep and sheep accessories from the Cotswolds version of Hank Hill.

Scenes around town:

What’s behind the hedge:

Bulls eye window on one of the houses.

“In mediaeval times the way window glass was made was similar to blowing. A blob of molten glass was picked up on a pontil, and spun rapidly to form a disk. The flatter, outer, bits of glass were used for fine windows, the bit in the middle would be remelted for the next try. Sometimes the bit in the middle was not remelted, but sold off cheap for low status buildings. These often went into front doors, to admit light, but not give a clear view into the house.” (From here.)

The town’s wool church, the Church of St. James:

Built in the 16th century, but incorporating the elements of a Norman church that dates from 1180:

The elaborate tomb of Sir Baptist Hicks – his second appearance – and his wife.

And “a memorial to Lady Penelope Noel who died of blood poisoning as a result of pricking her finger whilst sewing.” For reals.

The town’s almshouses just down the street from the church, built in 1612 by Sir Baptist Hicks (of course).

The town’s cool Eight Bells pub.

Back on High Street to head to the car and on to our next town:

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Cotswolds & Wales Road Trip: Harlech Castle

After the charm overload of Cotswolds villages – the priority for one half of WolfeStreetTravel – we finally pivoted Welsh castles – the priority for the other half, as noted in the trip overview post. After overnighting at Palé Hall on the Welsh / English frontier, we headed further west to visit our first castle: formidable Harlech.

An absolutely stupendous introduction to our Welsh castlepalooza. “UNESCO considers Harlech, with three others at Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, to be one of ‘the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe.’ (Our next two castles to hit after Harlech were, indeed, Caernarfon and Conwy, so great news for us!)

There are freakin’ medieval castles (examples from previous travels here and here) and even Renaissance castles (examples here and here) all over Europe. Why are Welsh castles so special? Two primary reasons:

  • They were built at the absolute apex of medieval castle building in the 13th century, immediately before the introduction of gunpowder, which led to the demise of medieval castle as an effective defensive tool
  • They (generally) were not subject to the siege gun assaults or later, more modern bombing campaigns that damaged or destroyed many other European medieval castles

As a result, you can wander around Wales and experience the best preserved, most quintessentially “castle-y” castles in the world.

Most of the famous Welsh castles were all directed to be built by one man: Edward I. He may be known to the world as Longshanks or The Hammer of the Scots (a moniker he liked so much that it’s on his tomb in Westminster Abbey (“Scottorum malleus”)), but his real passion was to subjugate Wales. During his reign, he invaded Wales, ultimately conquering most of the region.

Harlech was one of four castles Edward I directed to be constructed in Snowdonia, in the north of Wales to create his “ring of stone” to consolidate English rule in the area and address the inevitable insurgencies that would follow the conquest.

Harlech was built under the supervision of James of Saint George, a military architect from Savoy (notable only because James also served as the military architect of Caernarfon and Conwy castles we’d see later.

“Harlech was established with a garrison of 36 men: a constable, 30 men, including 10 crossbowmen, a chaplain, a smith, carpenter and stonemason, and Master James was rewarded by being made the constable of Harlech from 1290 to 1293.

Harlech was besieged five times over 500 years, trading hands along the way:

  • English garrisons defensed against the native Welsh in the early 1300s
  • The Welsh captured Harlech and they themselves were besieged by the English in the early 1400s
  • A Lancastrian garrison defended Harlech against the Yorkists in the late 1400s during the War of the Roses

Master James’ now-classic concentric fortifications design, with fortified gatehouse serving as a castle-within-a-castle for layered defense:

A view north into Snowdonia (and our next destination) from the top of one of the gatehouse towers:

Harlech’s tiny town below the castle:

That’s it for Castle 1 of WolfeStreetTravel’s 2022 Welsh Castlepalooza. And Castle 2 lies less than an hour’s drive north. . .

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